Latin American drug traffickers evade authorities with unmanned vessels and chemical innovations

In recent years, drug networks in Latin America have used increasingly sophisticated methods to evade detection, including the use of unmanned vessels and chemical transformation of cocaine.

Frigate Captain Glehiston Hernández Gutiérrez, director of the International Center for Research and Analysis against Maritime Narcotrafficking (CIMCON), based in Cartagena, Colombia, provided insight into these emerging trends. CIMCON, a collaboration between researchers and naval officers from several countries, recently updated its Catalog of Maritime Drug Trafficking Modalities, highlighting new tactics used by criminal organizations.

The 2024 update reflects a significant shift in drug trafficking methodologies, driven by technological advances and tactics that resemble fourth-generation warfare. In particular, the use of unmanned marine vehicles is increasing, particularly among Colombian and Mexican groups. These vehicles, which can transport small quantities of drugs, often go undetected because they operate alongside traditional vessels such as fishing boats and speedboats. Despite their current limited range, the increasing range and capacity of these unmanned vehicles suggests that they could become a more common method of drug trafficking.

Another important development is the innovative chemical transformation of cocaine to evade detection. Criminal organizations convert cocaine into different forms, such as liquids or mix it with other substances such as salt, oils, lubricants and even fruits, to disguise the chemical components of the drug. This transformation makes detection more difficult, as current port security systems are not equipped to identify these altered substances. This method has led to the creation of cocaine processing laboratories outside Latin America, including in Europe and Oceania, where the drug is reduced to its original form.

The maritime drug trafficking landscape is also characterized by the fragmentation and collaboration of criminal groups. The market now involves a complex web of temporary alliances and compartmentalized operations, with local groups often working with transnational organizations from Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Europe, and Asia. This fragmented structure, while involving many actors, reduces the risks for individual groups and spreads the operational costs.

Interestingly, there is a trend toward less violent behavior among these groups, which is particularly noticeable in regions where violence could hinder business. European criminal organizations, such as the Italian Mafia, have long recognized the benefits of operating under the radar and avoiding conflict. This approach is increasingly being adopted by traditionally violent Mexican and Colombian cartels, who seek to maintain business continuity and minimize visibility.

In summary, the maritime drug trafficking landscape is evolving with the adoption of advanced technologies and innovative methods to evade law enforcement. The shift toward nonviolent, cooperative criminal networks suggests a strategic adjustment to maintain control over the lucrative drug trade while minimizing operational risks. These developments pose new challenges for international security agencies tasked with combating drug trafficking, necessitating improved detection technologies and multinational cooperation.