Blue Crimes and Ocean Harm: Strategies for Addressing Transnational Maritime Environmental Crimes in the Global South

Provisionally accepted

Transnational maritime environmental crime (TMEC) poses a growing threat to marine ecosystems, biodiversity, and the socio-economic sustainability of coastal communities, particularly in the Global South. By examining the impacts of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing in the Philippines and sea cucumber trade in the Seychelles, the article highlights the urgent need for innovative and inclusive strategies. We approach these issues through a comprehensive framework that integrates the carrot-and-stick concept, whole-of-society perspectives, and principles of Southern blue criminology. The carrot-and-stick methodology balances incentives for compliance with penalties for violations, and promotes behavioral change among states and individuals engaged in TMEC. Whole-of-society perspectives emphasize the involvement of all stakeholders—governments, businesses, civil society, and local communities—in the design and implementation of regulatory measures. Southern blue criminology provides a critical lens to tailor governance frameworks to the unique socio-economic contexts of the Global South. This integrated approach aims to create resilient, sustainable and gender-sensitive solutions, and to promote global cooperation in the fight against TMEC. By leveraging incentives, engaging stakeholders and prioritising socio-ecological considerations, we can protect marine environments and support the livelihoods of coastal communities, in line with the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 14.